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Because lipoic acid can undergo reversible oxidation and reduction, it functions as both an electron carrier and an acyl/methylamide carrier

Studies indicate that reducing mitochondrial ROS levels can improve cell-specific cognitive function, highlighting the direct impact of astrocyte-derived oxidative stress on neuronal survival 91,92

Notably, chemical chaperones (4-PBA, TUDCA) enhance Gq signaling without reversing this switch, while ER stress-associated UPR factors XBP1 and ATF6 selectively amplify Gs signaling

Human clinical evidence remains limited