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[224] A recent article on mortality in a cohort of 8,645 smokers who were followed up after 43 years determined that "current smoking and lifetime persistent smoking were associated with an increased risk of all-cause, CVD [cardiovascular disease], COPD [chronic obstructive pulmonary disease], and any cancer, and lung cancer mortality." [225] The significant increase in the risk of all-cause mortality that is present in people who smoke is decreased with long-term smoking cessation

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doi:10.1098/rsnr.1970.0023